Thousands of European Starlings have been invading a Johnson City, TN neighborhood for many years, and the homeowners on East Holston Avenue have had it with the noise and the mess. Bird droppings rain down incessantly on cars, homes and sidewalks, which is not only unsightly but a health concern. In the winter, these bird pests travel in flocks and invade cities to get warm.
Some residents have resorted to firearms to scare birds away, but many admit it’s only a temporary solution, as the birds always come back. Experts say, starlings prefer dark, quiet places to sleep, so harassing the birds with bright lights/noises and bird distress recordings may offer relief. These tactics must be maintained for about five days to get rid of birds in any one area. Thinning out trees also helps. Here are two effective bird control measures the experts at Bird-B-Gone recommend:
Sonic Shield™--the Sound Solution to Pest Birds
The Bird-B-Gone Sonic Shield™ employs sight and sound to scare birds away from all areas of a yard and trees. It features two operating modes: a daytime mode, which combines flashing LED lights and loud barking dog sounds to scare birds; and a nighttime mode, which uses only the bright flashing LED lights. The latter mode is ideal for most areas where barking dog sounds would wake neighbors at night. Entirely portable and self-contained, the Sonic Shield™ is simple to set up wherever birds gather and roost. The device uses just four standard AA batteries, so there’s no need to run long AC cords to power it. The Sonic Shield™ can easily be mounted to a light fixture, over a door, in a tree, or on the roof. It’s ruggedly designed for outdoor use.
Bird Chase Super Sonic Scares Birds from Yards
A highly effective sound bird deterrent, the Bird Chase Super Sonic by Bird-B-Gone fully exploits a bird’s sensitive hearing and natural fear of predators. It broadcasts pre-recorded distress and predator calls for over 22 species of birds—including starlings, pigeons, crows, gulls, and grackles. You can set it to deter a specific species of bird or switch it to a "general" setting to deter multiple bird species. The device repeats the distress and predator calls every 10 minutes to keep pest birds away. It features a volume control that lets you vary the sound output—from 65-105 decibels. The sounds resemble normal bird calls to the human ear, so they won’t bother your pets or neighbors. And unlike ultrasonic devices, which emit sounds above the hearing range of most birds, the Bird Chase Super Sonic generates sounds birds can actually hear. The device is powerful enough to protect a full acre of property, so it’s ideal for most homeowners. It’s also ruggedly designed for outdoor use.
Pest birds are always looking for a place to roost and nest on commercial property. And once they've settled on a building or warehouse, they tend to gather in greater numbers on rooftops, parapet walls, windowsills and other elevated ledges.
Without effective bird control measures to deter them, pest birds can deface and damage these areas fairly quickly. Bird droppings are not just unsightly. The acid in bird droppings can corrode metal and eventually erode stone. Bird droppings can jam up windows, doors, rooftop ventilators and skylights. This waste can also render moveable security cameras inoperative, “locking up” gimbal mechanisms. Droppings can damage expensive AC units by seizing up fans. Bird nests and droppings can even clog rain gutters and down pipes, causing rooftops to overflow with water. Some roof sections have actually collapsed due to bird damage.
Bird droppings are also unhealthy. They can carry any of 60 known diseases—like salmonellosis. This makes pest birds particularly hazardous in areas where food is stored, processed or served. Finally, bird droppings on walkways and entryways to a commercial building can create serious slip-and-fall hazards. Wet bird poop can be as slippery as a banana peel.
Failing to implement an effective bird deterrent strategy can saddle a commercial property owner with expensive cleanups, repairs and even legal liabilities. Fortunately, there’s a bird deterrent that gets rid of bird pests humanely, simply by denying them a place to land—it’s called Bird Slope.
Pest Birds Can’t Get a Grip
Bird-B-Gone’s Bird Slope is ideal for use on open ledges that meet at a 90-degree angle. Pest birds simply slide off these angled, slippery PVC panels whenever they try to land. The sloped panels install easily on eaves, ledges, beams and similar areas frequented by birds. And they are equally effective against all types of birds.
Up to 10 inches of Bird Deterrence
Bird Slope comes in 4-foot long sections and is sold 48 feet per box. The panels are easily screwed, glued or nailed to virtually any flat surface. A handy "snap on" extender makes it easy to adapt to ledges as wide as 10 inches. (The basic bird slope, without an extender can protect a 6-inch wide ledge.) You can also get mounting clips to install the panels vertically on the sides of buildings. Some Bird Slopes even come with “end caps” to prevent birds from getting behind the panels.
Aesthetic Solution to Bird Pest Problems
To blend in with its surroundings, Bird Slope is now available in two colors--stone and grey. Each panel is made of UV-protected PVC material to make it more resistant to sun and harsh weather. If you're installing Bird Slope next to electrical wiring, the panels are non-conductive for extra safety. A glue trough on underside of each panel makes for easy installation using standard outdoor polyurethane adhesive.
Last year, the owner of Crawdaddy’s in downtown Corpus Christi, Texas faced a $2,000 fine if he hosed off the bird droppings in front of his restaurant. City officials explained that the city’s storm water ordinance prohibits washing pollutants, like bird poop, into the storm drain system that runs out to the bay. Proving Charles Dickens' "the law is an ass" statement popularized by Oliver Twist, the Corpus Christi ordinance stipulates that it’s okay if rainwater washes the poop out into the storm drain system—you just can’t use a hose. Corpus Christie officials advised business owners to vacuum the sidewalk or to secure the services of a professional to clean it for them.
To circumvent this insanity, store owners in Corpus Christi (and other areas with similar ordinances) do have a sane and less costly alternative to waiting for rainfall or calling in a professional cleanup crew. It’s called bird control.
Deter Birds with Spikes
If birds are perching and nesting immediately above your store’s entrance, you can invest in some Plastic Bird Spikes. These anti-perching, anti-roosting bird deterrents won’t allow birds to land on or near them. They are blunted at the tips and approved by a number of humane groups—including the U.S. Humane Society (so you won’t have any trouble with city ordinances). They also come in a variety of colors—including crystal clear, brick red, light grey, brown, black and tan—so they’ll blend in with your store’s color scheme. Be sure to get high quality Plastic Bird Spikes made of unbreakable UV-protected polycarbonate. These spikes have a flexible base, which allows them to “follow” curved surfaces like signs and archways. They also have pre-drilled holes or glue troughs for fast, effortless installation. The spikes come in two-foot sections and 3-, 5- and 7-inch widths to provide increasingly larger areas of anti-perching protection. The spiked strips measure just 1.5 inches wide at the base, so they can be mounted on very narrow surfaces.
Block Birds with Netting
If birds are nesting under your canopies and eaves, you should also invest in some Garden Bird Netting. It seals out birds and prevents them from nesting in these areas. Birds who have nested there last year will invariably return to the same spot, since birds are very territorial. Lightweight and easy to handle, Garden Bird Netting is easy to install and comes in 14 x 100-foot and 14 x 200-foot rolls. It can be easily cut down to the size to need. It’s also available in three different mesh sizes. There’s a 1/4" mesh for small birds, 1/2" mesh for medium sized birds, and 3/4" mesh for large birds. Be sure to get the bird netting clips to keep the netting taut and in place. The best Garden Bird Netting is made from a durable, UV-protected polypropylene. It’s strong, light and virtually invisible. You can install this netting temporarily if you only have a seasonal problem with birds, or permanently to ensure year ‘round protection for your storefront.
If you own or manager a car or RV sales lot, you need to keep your overhead to an absolute minimum. One big expense is keeping your cars clean—and that means no bird droppings on roofs, windows and doors. Besides being unsightly, bird droppings can damage your cars or RVs—clogging up AC vents and awning controls, and jamming up doors and windows. Your maintenance crew can be working day and night to keep your RVs clean and safe from bird damage. Washing off bird droppings takes time. And repairing bird damaged cars or RVs costs you money. These are expenses you don’t need right now.
The solution is to implement some effective bird controls, proven bird deterrents that will keep your maintenance staff working on other much-needed projects and jobs. Here are three bird control devices the experts recommend:
1. Bird Scare Visual Deterrents
You may already have banners and balloons tethered to your RVs. But adding professionally designed Visual Scare Bird Deterrents will keep pest birds away. Choose Flash Tape and Reflective Banners, which are specially designed to snap in the breeze and reflect sunlight to intimidate birds. Or get Scare Eye Diverters and Bird Scare Balloons, which feature large mock eyes to convince birds a huge predator is eyeing them for their next meal. All are easy to hang just about anywhere, and they can be moved around wherever pest birds have become a problem.
2. Bird Chase Super Sonic
Designed for deterring pest birds from large outdoor areas like car lots, the Bird Chase Super Sonic System covers a full acre with intimidating sounds birds hate to hear. Additional portable speakers are easily added to extend the effective range to a full five acres. Unlike ultrasonic systems that send out signals birds can’t hear, the Bird Chase Super Sonic broadcasts predator and distress calls within the hearing range of birds. The sounds resemble normal bird calls so they won’t annoy your customers. You can program the system to turn off at night and on in the morning when birds become most active. The Bird Chase Super Sonic emits distress and predator calls for 22 types of birds, so your car lot is protected against virtually any type of bird.
3. Red-Tail Hawk Decoys
Pest birds are keenly aware of their natural predators. Some birds will actually post “lookouts” to warn their flock of imminent danger. Red Tail Hawk Decoys exploit this fear, which is why they are so effective in deterring pest birds. Hawks hunt during the day when most pest birds are active, so hawk decoys are better than owl decoys. These decoys work best when they’re realistic looking and moved about frequently. Birds are clever little critters and won’t be fooled by poorly made imitations or those left in once place for too long. Your decoy should also be well made (heavy duty plastic) to last for years in sun and rain.
by Alex A. Kecskes
Tired of swallows building mud nests in the corners of your front porch? Had it with birds nesting in attics, eaves, vents and awnings? Fed up with trying to wash bird nests and their droppings off your walkways, lawn furniture, BBQ and cars? And even after you do, the stains remain! You’re not alone. Thousands of property owners across the country face the same dilemma.
Birds generally build nests that are inaccessible, hidden, or camouflaged. Though in some cases, birds will build nests on top of chimneys. They like the heat produced by chimneys. Other birds are drawn to a chimney’s cavity shape, which they find ideal for nesting.
If you have a flat “under-hang” over your porch, it makes an ideal sheltered spot for birds to nest, and it can be nearly impossible to get rid of the birds once they settle in. No matter how many times you knock down their nests, they’ll come back.
There are lethal ways to keep pest birds from nesting on your property. But you should be warned that the Migratory Bird Treaty and Endangered Species acts prohibit the trapping, possession, or killing of most birds, their eggs and nests without a permit. Only house sparrows, starlings and pigeons are unprotected by state or federal law; however, local ordinances may still protect these birds. So check with local authorities before you take action against birds or their nests.
Your other alternative is to use humane and non-lethal bird deterrents to discourage nesting. One property owner hung a series of small mirrors under the eaves of his home where pest birds often chose to nest. When birds came to build a nest, they saw their reflection, got tricked into thinking another bird had already claimed the space, and moved on. Of course, there are other equally effective bird deterrents if you don’t fancy covering your house with mirrors.
To keep swallows, starlings, pigeons, seagulls and other pest birds from nesting on ledges, eaves, beams and similar areas, there's the Bird Slope. Birds slip and slide right off these angled, slippery PVC panels. And if they can’t get a foothold, they soon get frustrated and leave. The best bird slopes are U.V. protected to stand up to extended periods of weathering and sunlight. They’re easily mounted on the underside of eaves with special mounting clips. Some bird slope panels have a "snap-on" extender to streamline installation on wider ledges and coverage areas. Mounting clips are also available for vertical installation on the sides of buildings. You should use the “end caps” provided by some manufacturers to keep birds from getting behind the sloped panels. Architects like to use these sloped panels because they are less visually obvious that other bird deterrents, and because they come in stone and grey colors to better blend in with a building’s color scheme.
To discourage pest birds from building nests atop chimneys, install stainless steel bird spikes. They prevent birds from landing. And if they can’t land, they can’t build a nest. The spikes come in 3-, 5- and 8-inch widths. They’re easy to install and you’ll typically only need a single strip of spikes to cover your entire chimney.
To keep birds from building nests on patio covers, awnings, gazebos and other flat surfaces, some homeowners have had considerable success with Bird Spiders. These versatile bird-proofing devices feature stainless steel “arms” that whip around in the breeze. No bird in her right mind would build a nest near such a threatening display. Spiders come in various sizes--usually 2-, 4-, 6- and 8-foot designs to provide increasingly wider diameters of deterrence. Spiders do a nice job in discouraging pigeons, seagulls, and larger birds. They are easy to install and move, and there’s nothing to replace or maintain once they’re up. The best spiders will feature a U.V.-protected polycarbonate base and come standard with a glue-on base, allowing them to be glued down permanently to flat most surfaces.
A survey of municipalities across the country revealed that pigeons were the most widespread nuisance. After that, the most bothersome birds were blackbirds, starlings, house sparrows, crows and ravens. Strategies on how to humanely get rid of birds can occupy many a property owner.
Not surprisingly, the biggest problem caused by the number one nuisance bird (pigeons) is the volume of droppings they create. These deposits are not only smelly, but slippery, unsightly and a health hazard, carrying diseases like salmonellosis, ornithosis, cryptococcus, and histoplasmosis. Equally troublesome is the acidic composition of their droppings, which erodes metal and even stonework. To get rid of pigeons calls for some professional solutions that go beyond water hoses and firecrackers.
Grackles, blackbirds and starlings often invade cities in vast migratory and winter flocks. Seeking warmth and shelter, they form noisy, smelly roosts on city buildings and trees. The roosts often serve as breeding grounds for histoplasmosis. What’s more, bird droppings can destroy the vegetation under the roosts. Grackles, in particular, can quickly ruin backyard fruit crops. House sparrows can pollute patios, swimming pools, and the air entering outside air conditioners, allowing ectoparasites to enter homes and offices. To get rid of small birds like these without injuring them can be a challenge.
If you’ve been inundated by pest birds, consider implementing some humane, professionally recommended pest bird deterrents, including:
Site Specific Scarecrows
Highly effective in getting rid of birds from specific areas, the Scarecrow is a motion-activated sprinkler that shoots a harmless but persuasive blast of water at any bird or birds. Scarecrows connect to any standard garden hose and will guard a 1,200-square-foot area (or a 35-foot by 45-foot wide swath). A Scarecrow’s motion-activated sensitivity and water spray radius can be easily adjusted to fit the application.
No-Perch, No Roost Bird Spikes
Designed to prevent larger birds like pigeons and crows from landing on roofs, patio covers and other elevated areas, Bird Spikes are harmless to birds, people and pets. Available in rigid unbreakable polycarbonate (plastic) or durable stainless steel, bird spikes are easy to install. They are ideal for getting rid of birds on rooftop AC units, skylights, and solar panels.
Distract and Deter with Balloons and Diverters
Used together with the two deterrents listed above, Visual Bird Deterrents can be placed in any elevated, high visibility area to get rid of birds. Choose Reflective Bird Diverters or Predator Eye Balloons. Diverters consist of tear-drop shaped panels covered with a big predator eye to intimidate birds. You hang these in various lengths and space them 2 to 3 feet apart. Predator Eye Balloons resemble beach-balls and are covered with large predator eyes. The best visual deterrents will be made of weather-resistant vinyl plastic. For best results, it’s best to alternate the location of these deterrents since most birds are smart and will eventually get used to them as non-threatening.
There are all sorts of ways to get rid of pest birds. Some are lethal and not recommended for most situations; others are simply ineffective. Fortunately, bird control experts have come up with some pretty ingenious ways to keep birds from ruining your property and frazzling your nerves. A sampling of the top 5:
Bird SpikesThe granddaddy of pest bird deterrents, Bird Spikes will get rid of larger birds—like pigeons, crows and gulls—from your roof, patio cover and other elevated areas of your property. Bird Spikes won’t harm birds or pets. They simply won’t allow birds to land or perch. The spiked strips come in rigid unbreakable polycarbonate (plastic) or durable stainless steel. Each two-foot long strip can be nailed, glued or screwed to most surfaces. There’s also the Mega Spike, which has large 7-inch spikes for keeping vultures from perching. And Gutter Spikes if you have a problem with birds nesting in your rain gutters. Bird SlopeBlending in architecturally with your home or business, Bird Slope consists of slippery PVC panels that prevent birds from getting a solid footing under eaves and other elevated 90-degree nooks. Birds may be stubborn critters, but they soon give up after loosing their grip on these panels. The best bird slope panels are UV protected and sun- and weather-resistant to remain attractive and effective for years. Bird Slope is an effective way to get rid of many different types of birds—including swallows, starlings, pigeons, crows and more. Garden Bird Netting Working on the principle of denying access, Garden Bird Netting is lightweight and easy to handle. It comes in 14 x 100-foot and 14 x 200-foot rolls and can be cut to the size needed for various applications. Choose the mesh size that gets rid of the birds that cause you grief--1/4", 1/2" or 3/4". Bird netting clips are available to keep the netting conveniently in place. Look for netting made of durable, UV-protected polypropylene. It will last longer. Copper Stuf-Fit MeshPerfect for keeping smaller birds out of all those little crevices, holes and nooks, Copper Stuf-Fit mesh is easily “formed” into the shape needed to get the job done. The mesh comes in 20-foot and 100-foot roles. It’s also rust-proof and stain proof (steel wool will rust, run and stain your property). Copper Stuf-Fit even keeps birds from working their way under roofing tiles, retractable awnings, and where pipes enter your siding or foundation. BeakGuard Woodpecker DeterrentIdeal for getting rid of woodpeckers, BeakGuard is easily applied to latex-painted surfaces, wood, fiber-cement, stucco, aluminum or vinyl. The specially designed finish warns woodpeckers that the surface is to be avoided. BeakGuard is harmless to woodpeckers or other birds. It leaves a vapor permeable, flexible membrane that is durable, color fast and resists dirt pick up. BeakGuard goes like paint—with a brush, roller, paint pad or spray equipment.The pigeons are coming. So are blackbirds, starlings, house sparrows and crows. They’ll be invading your property en masse as bird season approaches. Will you be ready to get rid of birds when they arrive?
Prepare now or risk having your home invaded by birds. Your cars will be spotted with bird droppings. So will your windowsills and patio furniture. Larger pest birds will tear apart your roofing shingles, causing leaks. Smaller birds will build nests in your rain gutters, causing water to back up under your roofing tiles and, once again, you’ll have a leaking roof. Birds large and small will contaminate your pool and spa, so you’ll have to drain and clean them—not a pleasant thought. Unless you have bird control devices in place, it will become increasingly difficult to get rid of pest birds. The temptation will be to use lethal means—like poisons or pellet guns—or stop-gap measures like water hoses and firecrackers. Eventually, under pressure from your kids and neighbors, you’ll agree to more humane bird deterrents. Devices that actually work. Here’s what the pros recommend:Scarecrows for Pools, Spas and GardensHighly recommended for deterring all types of birds from areas where the presence of water is tolerated, Scarecrows are motion-activated sprinklers that spray a harmless but persuasive blast of water at any bird that wonders into its zone of protection. Scarecrows hook up to any standard garden hose and will guard a 1,200-square-foot area (or a 35-foot by 45-foot wide shape). The Scarecrow’s sensitivity and coverage area can be easily adjusted to suit the needs of your garden, pool or spa.Bird Spikes for Roofs & Patio Covers Birds usually seek a high perch from which to observe before they dive bomb your pool, spa, patio tables or car. Bird Spikes deny them that perch. Ideal for larger birds like pigeons and crows, Bird Spikes are harmless to birds, people and pets. They have earned the approval of the U.S. Humane Society and PICAS (Pigeon Control Advisory Service). The spiked strips come in rigid unbreakable polycarbonate (plastic) or durable stainless steel. Gutter spikes are also available to keep birds out of your rain gutters. All are easy to install using glue, screws, clips or tied downs.Balloons and Diverters for TreesKnown as Visual Bird Deterrents, Reflective Bird Diverters and Predator Eye Balloons bob and wave in the breeze to get rid of birds through intimidation. Diverters are tear-drop shaped panels covered with a big predator eye. They are hung in various lengths and spaced 2 to 3 feet apart. Predator Eye Balloons are covered with huge predator eyes. Look for visual deterrents made of weather-resistant vinyl plastic. For best results, it’s best to move these bird deterrents around often, or most birds will eventually get used to them as a non-live object to be ignored.
As a homeowner, you know the problems pest birds can create when they’re allowed to roost and nest in eaves, canopies, awnings and other covered areas around your home. The beams of your patio cover, gazebo and other elevated backyard structures offer an ideal sanctuary for birds. These areas protect them from weather and predators. Unfortunately, when birds gather there, they create quite a mess down below—on your patio table, chairs, BBQ, walkways, spa, pool and thru-window serving bars. Kids toys can also become covered with disease carrying bird droppings.
Fortunately, there are a number of effective and humane bird control products you can use to keep birds away from your eaves, canopies and awnings:Garden Bird NettingA lightweight, easy to handle mesh, Garden Bird Netting physically denies pest birds access to specific areas of your home. It comes in 14 x 100-foot and 14 x 200-foot rolls and can easily be cut down to the size you need. It’s also available in three different "mesh" sizes: 1/4", 1/2" and 3/4" mesh. The netting installs easily under eaves and other areas, and bird netting clips are available to further speed installation. The best garden bird netting is made from a durable, UV-protected polypropylene. It’s strong, lightweight, designed for temporary use and practically invisible.Bird SlopeAnother bird control product that effectively denies birds access to your eaves is Bird Slope. The angled PVC panels won’t allow birds to gain a solid footing on its slippery surface. After a few tries of “squirrel-caging” on the panel, birds just give up and move on. Bird slope panels come in different colors to blend in with your home’s exterior. The panels are easy to install using glue, nails or screws and they're basically maintenance free.Copper Stuf-Fit MeshIf your home has a number of small holes and crevices under the eaves and other architecture, Copper Stuf-Fit mesh will keep birds out. It works great for all those tight spaces too small for regular netting or other bird control products. The mesh comes in 20-foot and 100-foot roles and can be “shaped” to conform to the area needed to keep birds out. Stuf-Fit mesh holds its shape in small, narrow areas so birds can’t “work” their way around it. The mesh can even keep birds from getting under your roofing tiles, retractable awnings, and junctions where pipes enter your siding or foundation. No Nasty Nest Simple but effective, No Nasty Nest uses hanging "twine" to block birds from potential nesting sites. Confronted with working through a gauntlet of twine strips, birds will simply move on to a better nesting spot. If you had swallow mud nests under the eaves and sides of your home last year, No Nasty Nest makes a great bird deterrent. Each strip of No Nasty Nest features a self-adhering back for quick application on eaves, gables, entryways and other areas.
Mail carriers making deliveries in the 400 block of Ralph Avenue West in Winnipeg (the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada) recently had more to fear than just dogs. Seems the area’s postal carriers now have a new enemy--dive-bombing crows. Even postal carriers equipped with big branches aren’t safe from these “murder of crows.” As one resident put it, “You just can’t turn your back on them’." The attacks have been so aggressive that Canada Post has suspended mail delivery due to unsafe access.
As is common knowledge, most crows won’t attack humans from the back. Which is why some have suggested that the beleaguered postal carriers wear a hat with big eyes painted on the back. Needless to say, this suggestion didn’t exactly go over well with the area’s postal carriers.Manitoba Conservation officials noted that crows will attack as soon as their hatchlings are large enough to leave the nest. When their babies can fly, the attacks should stop, they advised. That said, area residents have noted that the attacks have continued in spite of the baby crows flying. One area resident, who often carries her lame pet dog reported that a crow attacked her and ruffled her hair.Compounding the problem is the fact that crows are a highly intelligent species, more so than the average bird. Once attracted to an area, crows will protect themselves and their new offspring from predators and humans, even to the point of posting “sentries” to alert the flock of impeding threats. Without effective bird control measures to deter them, crows will quickly “lay claim” to an area. If your area has a crow problem, here’s what the pros recommend:Bird Chase Super SonicEasy to place just about anywhere, the Bird Chase Super Sonic takes advantage of a crow’s alert nature to threats. The device continually broadcasts pre-recorded bird distress and predator calls. These sounds resemble natural bird sounds, so pets and humans won't be bothered by them. The device is quality-constructed, weather resistant and designed for rugged outdoor use. It's easily programmed for day or night operation. Stainless Steel Bird SpikesIdeal for denying large birds like crows a place to perch and roost, Stainless Steel Bird Spikes are easy to install and highly effective. The spiked strips come in a variety of widths --1”, 3”, 5” and 8” --to match the area you want to safeguard. The spike strips can be glued down, nailed or screwed onto most any surface. The best stainless steel spikes are made in the USA and will be securely embedded in UV-resistant unbreakable polycarbonate. Approved by the US Humane Society and PICAS, the spikes are blunted at the tips, so they won’t injure the crows.